As the cooler weather begins to approach, it's crucial for sheep and goat producers to be aware of potential changes in pasture quality and quantity. This seasonal shift often leads to an increase in supplemental grain feeding, which can inadvertently trigger a serious condition known as overeating disease.

Overeating disease, or enterotoxemia, is caused by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens (strains C and D). This condition can impact sheep and goats of any age but is particularly devastating to younger animals. Although Clostridium perfringens is naturally present in the soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy animals, it can proliferate rapidly in the intestines when there is a sudden dietary change. This includes increased intake of grain, protein supplements, lush grass, or milk replacer, which are all rich in proteins, starches, and sugars. The rapid bacterial growth results in the production of toxins that can severely damage the intestines and lead to acute, often fatal disease.

Symptoms of overeating disease include:

• Loss of appetite
• Lethargy
• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhea
• Neurological signs such as twitching, stargazing, and teeth grinding
• Fever
• Convulsions
• Sudden death

Because the disease can progress quickly, early detection and treatment are critical. Veterinarians may offer treatments for less severe cases, such as electrolytes, antitoxins, and probiotics to help balance gut bacteria. However, treatment is often challenging, and prevention is the best strategy.Prevention is not only more cost-effective, but also more reliable than treatment. Here are key strategies:

1. Vaccination: Vaccines for clostridial diseases, including Clostridium perfringens types C and D and Clostridium tetani, are essential. Ensure the vaccines are specifically labeled for sheep or goats and follow the recommended guidelines. A three-way clostridial vaccine is often recommended. Clostridium tetani vaccine helps prevent tetanus, which can occur through wounds from procedures like castration or dehorning.
2. Feeding Management: Avoid abrupt dietary changes. Introduce new feeds gradually to give your animals time to adjust. Monitor their intake of high-protein, starchy, or sugary feeds, and adjust amounts carefully.
3. Consultation with Veterinarians: Develop a vaccination and feeding plan tailored to your herd or flock by working closely with your veterinarian. They can provide guidance specific to your animals’ needs and the conditions of your local environment.

 

By implementing these preventive measures and maintaining good feeding practices, you can safeguard your sheep and goats from overeating disease and ensure their health and productivity throughout the cooler months.

If you have any questions or need further assistance, please do not hesitate to reach out.

For more information, please contact Taylor Chavis, Extension Livestock Agent with North Carolina Cooperative Extension, Robeson County Center, at 910-671-3276, by taylor_chavis@ncsu.edu.